Erik Erikson Theory of Development

Erik Erikson Theory of Development Human life is determined by so many factors which contribute to how they behave. Every human being has a personality which many claim that it might be caused by genes. There are circumstances that go unnoticed which contribute to how people behave. These events run from childhood to adulthood and that is what the theory of development/ model of early childhood development as created by Erik Erikson try to explain. This paper highlights on child development and factors that determines his/her behavior as explained by Erikson in his theory of development. This theory explains why people behave as they do which is contributed by environment, interaction and response. There are eight stages and in each, there are both positive influences as well as negative which give either result. The stages contribute to physical, emotion, intelligence and social features of an individual. Theory of Development/Model of Early Childhood Development The theory of development came up in 20th century when interest to change the perception of children being small adults and aim to discover the abnormal behaviors became a concern. There have been many theories on this ground like Freuds psychosexual stages which focused on mental disorders in childhood. The Piagets stages of cognitive development attributed to Jean Piaget who had a view that children and adults never thought the same. John B.Watson, B. F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov developed the behavioral child development theories which test on the influence of the environment to behavior (Thomas, 2005). Lastly, Eriksons stages of psychosocial development by Erik Erikson was developed which encompassed the whole human life. Each stage in his theory is presented with conflict whose success or failure impacts on the personality (Muzi, 2000). Erik Erikson tries to explain the development of personality and behavior in people mostly attributable to stages in life. Most of his work is developed and related to Freuds; he has only made his complex and covers from childhood to adulthood (Baldwin, 2008). Development takes place in all years in human life according to him. Exposure, training, reciprocation and experience determine the effects of these stages on a persons behavior and personality either negative or positive. Each stage is presented with equal positive and negative effects and Erik warns against use of the word achievement and encourages on the word acquisition of personality. He built his work on Freuds to make it more meaningful and accessible. His work shows the tasks that need to be accomplished in different ages for smooth living (Santrock, 2010). In his model, he developed eight stages using age range which is not fixed hence there are overlaps. In any of the stages that is not well partaken, it may present problems in the future. The first stage according to his psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust with a virtue of hope and experienced in infants between 0 to I year. In this stage, there is total reliance of the child from the mother. Parents act as a guide as child understands the world. If the child is exposed to the basic needs of the stage, he/she may have trust on the world. If the opposite happens, the child gains a sense of mistrust about the world. This is the stage in which the infant understands about the world and its people. The writer advocates for warmth, sleeping and feeding amongst others (Thomas, 2005). Stage two is autonomy vs. shame and doubt with a virtue of will and is experienced in toddlers between age 2 and 3 years. The child is on an exploration about the surroundings. At this stage, it depends with the parents encouragement as well as strictness. The infants depend on the caregivers reaction to their actions. They can move and the muscle coordination is increased. They can attend to some of their issues without bothering the caregivers and if encouraged, they gain a sense of autonomy but if discouraged, they may develop doubts and shame about their ability. It encompasses independence and confidence both of mind and oneself. The writer advocates for toilet training, aiding their walking and showing encouragement (Baldwin, 2008). In initiative vs. guilt which is the third stage, its virtue is purpose and is in children between 3 to 5 years i.e. preschool. It is based on tasks for purposes and the children learn about nature like gravity. The guilt may be caused by failure to achieve or doing the wrong thing. They have a multiple of choices about the activities to do which may be fit for them or unfit hence affecting the juniors i.e. doing what is beyond their capability. The responses they receive from juniors have effects on their initiative. If they feel motivated, they can try new thing which give confidence and achievement and if they are demoralized, they can feel guilty. The activities undertaken in this stage may result to both negative and positive behaviors. If the child fails in most of his/her activities, frustration may develop hence may depict negative behaviors. Erik encourages on play and adventure as the management techniques (Slentz Krogh, 2008). The fourth stage is industry vs. inferiority with a virtue of competence and is between ages 6 to 11 years i.e. childhood. At this stage, children are now aware of themselves and apply more logic to practical things. They aim at doing right, being responsible and attending to their issues with no or minimal assistance. The children are recognized with groups either through culture or differences in personality. The activities undertaken here are complex, meaningful and purposeful. The spirit of cooperation is developed and every child discovers his/her unique capabilities. This stage takes place mostly when many people are in school and is considered as a vital transition in ones life because everything else is built on it. The main techniques are parents, teachers and friends encouragement as well as schooling (Newcombe, 2010). Identity vs. role confusion comes as the fifth stage. It has an ego quality of fidelity and it is between 12 to 19 years concentrated on adolescence. It is a transition from childhood to adulthood in which there is confusion in roles. It brings a sense of identity, what has transpired from stage one to stage four can be termed as mare childhood but now reality of who they are and what the society views and expects of them is vivid. There is what is expected in the future and it is at this stage that matching of the past and the expectations is done. This creates the personality of who you want to be. The sexuality is well developed and there are self ideologies which may or may not be affected by past stages (Slentz Krogh, 2008). Depending on the results from fourth stage, the fifth stage may take place at different ages, some as early as 17 and 18 while others as late as 20 and 21.There are more experiments before the real identity is established. Adolescents are in a position to differ with their parents and caregivers on some issues like politics and religion. Many parents may try to influence decisions made by their children at this stage like the career to pursue. This may block their self establishment hence have an influenced identity because this stage requires total independence. It can be established by identifying with peers and groups (Baldwin, 2008). The stage of intimacy vs. isolation has the value of love which is established between 20 to 40 years, among young adults. Some bit of identity vs. role confusion may be experienced at early years of this stage due to late identity establishment. Identification with friends is most here and since there is experience of pain, some may isolate themselves due to fear of break ups and rejection. They grow a defense mechanism that that can destroy what seems dangerous to them. With creation of intimacy, people graduate to commitments which call for compromises and sacrifices. This is where marriage is established forming a long-term commitment which brings both emotional and physical closeness. Failure to experience intimacy may cause isolation which may be due to rejection or personal reasons (Slentz Krogh, 2008). There is need for social life, friends and lovers to achieve satisfaction in this stage. The seventh stage is generativity vs. stagnation with a virtue of care and is experienced between 45 to 65 years, middle adulthood. It has more social works and responsibility focused on the siblings as they are the future generation. These adults act as caregivers of the young ones and it is a warning that their success or failure in any of the previous stages should not affect on the way they influence the siblings (Thomas, 2005). They have a lot of tasks to do to the young ones and also the children have set expectations about them. Responsibility extends to others and the ability to give it is generativity while inability is the stagnation. It is associated with works of giving back to the community and through care. Production is expected from these mid adults both in terms of work and participation to the community development. The final stage is ego integrity vs. despair which is experienced in senior adults of age 65 and above. Its virtue guide is wisdom and it is more of a review of how the life has been and what he/she has achieved and need for rest. These individuals feel either rejected or accepted depending on what they have done, the impact of their actions on the community and the world at large (Slentz Krogh, 2008) It is the stage at which they make peace with people, the creator and also need peace of mind. If their lives have been successful and full of accomplishments, the adult feels full of integrity. If the life has been a total failure, they feel despair. The review is focused on the achievements made which could be in one way or another, an improvement to the world, making it a better place. This stage also allows an adult to give back to the community what he/she had not yet given i.e. being responsible and making up for any mistakes or harms inflicted to both the people and world at lar ge (Thomas, 2005). In all these stages of life, there are two extremes one positive and the other negative and there is need for an individual to balance both of them to have a balanced living. Each stage acts as a transition to the next and it is important to accomplish the tasks in each stage, failure to which may result to problems in the future. The age gaps provided may not be fixed depending on different reviews as well as individuals. They used as a guiding way to place all the stages in a life of a human being. There are individuals that may be late to graduate to the next stage hence carrying the previous stage tasks (Slentz Krogh, 2008). Others graduate faster than presented in years in the Eriks theory. This creates the differences in ages when a given stage starts and when it ends. The most affected stage is identity vs. role confusion in which many girls start at age 9 which is below the provide age of 12 to 19 years. There is need for caregivers to ensure proper balancing of the conflict s especially in the stages that they have control of for good life development

Fear in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay

In many works of literature, the behavior of a character or a group of characters is motivated by emotion. In Chinua Achebe’s Nigerian novel, Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is motivated by the fear. Throughout Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo’s actions take place because he is afraid of becoming â€Å"A Woman† like his father. Not only does he act masculine to appear manly to the villagers, he does it to satisfy his own conscious. Okonkwo portrays a short temper in this book. Small things such as his supper being late and remarks about his hunting anger him, and lead to his beating of his wives and his son Nwoya. His desire to appear manly often fogged his judgment. When the time came to kill Ikemefuna, the boy who called him father, he was told by his best friend that he should not take part in this because the boy looked up to him. Okonkwo knew his friend was right. When he, Ikemefuna and other leaders of the tribe went to the woods to carry out the task, Okonkwo did not want the other men to think that he was weak so he cut down his own son. Okonkwo’s actions were also motivated by the fear that his whole village would become weak. After returning from his exile in Mbanta, Okonkwo realized that the Christians were taking over. Unlike the rest of his tribe he wanted to go to war with them and drive them out. Soon he realized that during his seven years in exile Umuofia had changed and no longer was feared tribe it used to be. Okonkwo continued to fight the inevitable. His actions were never able to help his village; his worst fear had come true, they had become weak. Okonkwo suffers the consequences of his actions being motivated by fear throughout Things Fall Apart. He damages his relationship with his family, and his actions lead to his eventual death. Okonkwo and his son Nwoye could never relate to each other. Both had totally different outlooks. Okonkwo was always trying to appear manly and trying to get Nwoye to appear the same way. These things were not really important to Nwoye, and Okonkwo could not understand why. He often beat his son thinking that it would get him to understand. When the Christians came through and were looking for new people for their church, Nwoye joined. He was just waiting for a good chance to leave his father. Okonkwo was also exiled because of his strong desire to appear masculine. The gun that inadvertently killed his fellow villagers was  defective but he still chose to take it to the council meeting so he would not seem weak. Because he brought a defective gun to the meeting and he accidentally killed a clansman he was exiled for seven years. All of his dreams of becoming the most successful and respected man in Umuofia went up in smoke, because his fear of being seen as â€Å"Womanlike† clouded his good judgment. His eventual death was also caused by his fear of becoming like his father. He could not handle the fact that his village had changed during his exile. They had become weak and were no longer willing to go to war. Okonkwo felt that he had rather not live than live like a woman so he hanged himself. Okonkwo was unwilling to accept change which was his eventual downfall. Finally, Okonkwo’s fear of turning out like his father affects the overall work in three main ways. It leads to the story’s denouement. Okonkwo’s unwillingness to accept change led to his death in the end of the story. He could never have been happy in a society where masculinity was not important. He had rather not live than live in a â€Å"Womanish† village. Further, Okonkwo’s fear of being unmasculine affects Things Fall Apart by contributing to the story’s mood. Because of Okonkwo’s short temper and unpredictability the mood of this novel was tense. The reader never knew when he was going to get mad and beat somebody or shoot at them. Finally, and most importantly, Okonkwo’s fear of being weak creates the story’s profoundest theme, â€Å"One must adapt to their surroundings.† Because Okonkwo was unable to accept the change of his village it leads to his eventual downfall. Okonkwo could never live in a village f ull of â€Å"Women.†

How Do Stain Removers Work

Most stain removers rely on a combination of chemical strategies to remove or mask stains. There isnt a single method for stain removal, but rather, a host of reactions that get your whites white or remove grass or blood stains. Stain removers commonly are solvents, surfactants, and enzymes. A stain remover typically employs one or more of the following four techniques: Dissolve the Stain Stain removers contain solvents. A solvent is any fluid that dissolves another chemical. For example, water is a good solvent for dissolving salt and sugar. However, its not a good solvent for dissolving oil or butter. Stain removers often contain alcohol which acts as a solvent for both water-based and oil-based stains. Hydrocarbon solvents, such as gasoline, may be used to dissolve some stains.The rule here is that like dissolves like. Basically this means you want to use a solvent that is chemically similar to your stain. So, if you have a water-based stain, use a water-based solvent, like club soda or soapy water. If you have an oily stain, try rubbing alcohol or gas onto the spot. Emulsify the Stain Dishwashing detergents and stain removers contain emulsifiers or surfactants. Emulsifiers coat the stain and help to lift it off of the surface. Surfactants increase the wettability of materials, making it easier for the stain remover to contact and remove the stain.Examples of surfactants are soap and sulfonates. These chemicals have a dual nature, helping them remove both watery and oily stains. Each molecule has a polar head that mixes with water, as well as a hydrocarbon tail that dissolves grease. The tail attaches to the oily part of a stain while the hydrophilic or water-loving head attaches to water. Several surfactant molecules work together, encompassing the stain so it can be rinsed away. Digest the Stain Stain removers often employ enzymes or other proteins to break apart stain molecules. Enzymes digest proteins and fats in stains in much the same way as they digest the food you eat. Enzyme-based stain removers are highly effective on such stains as blood or chocolate. Stains may be broken apart by breaking the chemical bonds in the stain molecules. Oxidizers can break apart a long colored molecule, making it easier to lift away or sometimes rendering it colorless. Examples of oxidizers include peroxide, chlorine bleach, and borax. Hide the Stain Many stain removers contain whiteners. These chemicals may not contribute any cleaning power, yet they may render the stain invisible or draw the eye away from it. Bleaches oxidize the colored molecule so it doesnt appear so dark. Other types of whiteners reflect back light, covering a stain or making it less noticeable. Most products, even homemade solutions, attack stains using multiple techniques. For example, dabbing diluted chlorine bleach onto a stain helps break apart the stain molecule while removing the color from the offending spot. Simple soapy water dissolves both oily and aqueous stains and coats the stain so it is easy to rinse away. The Best Stain Remover The best stain remover is one that removes your stain without damaging the stained fabric or surface. Always test a stain remover on a small or inconspicuous spot to make sure the chemical wont produce any undesirable effects. Also, its worth noting its possible to make a stain worse. For example, heating a blood stain, as with hot water, may set the stain. Applying bleach to a rust stain actually intensifies the color, making the stain more visible than if you had left it alone. Therefore, if you know the composition of the stain its worth your while to make sure your treatment is suitable for that stain. If you dont know the identity of a stain, start with the least damaging treatment and work your way up to more serious chemicals if you need more cleaning power. Stain Removal Help How to Remove Rust StainsHow to Remove Ink Stains

Solving Environmental Problems with Science and Technology 2019

Whereas scientists historically warned about the coming dangers of global warming, it is becoming accepted fact in the scientific community that the world is now in the midst of global warming. The amount of ice that flows from the glaciers in Greenland every year has more than doubled over the past decade. The number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes, like hurricane Katrina, has nearly doubled as well over the past 30 years. Is it any wonder that jobs in environmental engineering are expected to grow much faster than average through the year 2018? What is Environmental Engineering? Environmental engineering applies the disciplines of chemistry and biology towards solving environmental problems. Environmental engineering science is concerned with the quality of air, water, and land for human health. The effects of acid rain, global warming, automobile emissions, and ozone depletion on the environment is of particular concern to the professional in environmental engineering. An environmental engineering job may center on concerns such as water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health issues. .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415:active, .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ An Introduction to Computer ProgrammingPotential Career Paths in Environmental Engineering A professional seeking an environmental engineering job may end up acting as a consultant to help companies and clients adapt to environmental regulations and clean up hazardous sites. Another environmental engineering job possibility is researching to analyze the impact of proposed construction projects. Environmental engineering science is also involved in the development of community water supplies and the effective treatment of wastewater. Finally, an environmental engineering job may apply scientific principles to combustion systems in order to reduce hazardous emissions that are released into the air. Required Education to Practice Environmental Engineering All 50 states require a license to practice environmental engineering. Typically, a bachelors degree in environmental engineering is required to meet the standards for licensure. Some students are choosing to earn an environmental engineering degree online through schools such as University of Phoenix. Courses consist of an environmental engineering introduction class, a thermodynamics course, and a variety of other relevant science and application courses. Earning an environmental engineering degree online can be a welcome convenience in the midst of a work schedule and family responsibilities. .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3:active, .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Business Administration ManagementJob Outlook for Environmental Engineering Professionals entering the field of environmental engineering can expect to see job growth of 27% or more through the year 2018. The environmental engineering job market will increase in response to the need for compliance with environmental regulations. Environmental engineering will also be needed to clean up existing environmental hazards. The emphasis in the environmental engineering field is predicted to shift more towards prevention of problems rather than focusing solely on existing problems. Prospective students who are interested in earning an environmental engineering degree online may contact Univesity of Phoenix for more information. University of Phoenix offers programs that lead to a bachelors degree in environmental engineering, a masters degree in environmental engineering, and a PhD in environmental engineering. College-Pages.com is another valuable source of information with an extensive list of available programs and additional education resources. 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