Erik Erikson Theory of Development

Erik Erikson Theory of Development Human life is determined by so many factors which contribute to how they behave. Every human being has a personality which many claim that it might be caused by genes. There are circumstances that go unnoticed which contribute to how people behave. These events run from childhood to adulthood and that is what the theory of development/ model of early childhood development as created by Erik Erikson try to explain. This paper highlights on child development and factors that determines his/her behavior as explained by Erikson in his theory of development. This theory explains why people behave as they do which is contributed by environment, interaction and response. There are eight stages and in each, there are both positive influences as well as negative which give either result. The stages contribute to physical, emotion, intelligence and social features of an individual. Theory of Development/Model of Early Childhood Development The theory of development came up in 20th century when interest to change the perception of children being small adults and aim to discover the abnormal behaviors became a concern. There have been many theories on this ground like Freuds psychosexual stages which focused on mental disorders in childhood. The Piagets stages of cognitive development attributed to Jean Piaget who had a view that children and adults never thought the same. John B.Watson, B. F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov developed the behavioral child development theories which test on the influence of the environment to behavior (Thomas, 2005). Lastly, Eriksons stages of psychosocial development by Erik Erikson was developed which encompassed the whole human life. Each stage in his theory is presented with conflict whose success or failure impacts on the personality (Muzi, 2000). Erik Erikson tries to explain the development of personality and behavior in people mostly attributable to stages in life. Most of his work is developed and related to Freuds; he has only made his complex and covers from childhood to adulthood (Baldwin, 2008). Development takes place in all years in human life according to him. Exposure, training, reciprocation and experience determine the effects of these stages on a persons behavior and personality either negative or positive. Each stage is presented with equal positive and negative effects and Erik warns against use of the word achievement and encourages on the word acquisition of personality. He built his work on Freuds to make it more meaningful and accessible. His work shows the tasks that need to be accomplished in different ages for smooth living (Santrock, 2010). In his model, he developed eight stages using age range which is not fixed hence there are overlaps. In any of the stages that is not well partaken, it may present problems in the future. The first stage according to his psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust with a virtue of hope and experienced in infants between 0 to I year. In this stage, there is total reliance of the child from the mother. Parents act as a guide as child understands the world. If the child is exposed to the basic needs of the stage, he/she may have trust on the world. If the opposite happens, the child gains a sense of mistrust about the world. This is the stage in which the infant understands about the world and its people. The writer advocates for warmth, sleeping and feeding amongst others (Thomas, 2005). Stage two is autonomy vs. shame and doubt with a virtue of will and is experienced in toddlers between age 2 and 3 years. The child is on an exploration about the surroundings. At this stage, it depends with the parents encouragement as well as strictness. The infants depend on the caregivers reaction to their actions. They can move and the muscle coordination is increased. They can attend to some of their issues without bothering the caregivers and if encouraged, they gain a sense of autonomy but if discouraged, they may develop doubts and shame about their ability. It encompasses independence and confidence both of mind and oneself. The writer advocates for toilet training, aiding their walking and showing encouragement (Baldwin, 2008). In initiative vs. guilt which is the third stage, its virtue is purpose and is in children between 3 to 5 years i.e. preschool. It is based on tasks for purposes and the children learn about nature like gravity. The guilt may be caused by failure to achieve or doing the wrong thing. They have a multiple of choices about the activities to do which may be fit for them or unfit hence affecting the juniors i.e. doing what is beyond their capability. The responses they receive from juniors have effects on their initiative. If they feel motivated, they can try new thing which give confidence and achievement and if they are demoralized, they can feel guilty. The activities undertaken in this stage may result to both negative and positive behaviors. If the child fails in most of his/her activities, frustration may develop hence may depict negative behaviors. Erik encourages on play and adventure as the management techniques (Slentz Krogh, 2008). The fourth stage is industry vs. inferiority with a virtue of competence and is between ages 6 to 11 years i.e. childhood. At this stage, children are now aware of themselves and apply more logic to practical things. They aim at doing right, being responsible and attending to their issues with no or minimal assistance. The children are recognized with groups either through culture or differences in personality. The activities undertaken here are complex, meaningful and purposeful. The spirit of cooperation is developed and every child discovers his/her unique capabilities. This stage takes place mostly when many people are in school and is considered as a vital transition in ones life because everything else is built on it. The main techniques are parents, teachers and friends encouragement as well as schooling (Newcombe, 2010). Identity vs. role confusion comes as the fifth stage. It has an ego quality of fidelity and it is between 12 to 19 years concentrated on adolescence. It is a transition from childhood to adulthood in which there is confusion in roles. It brings a sense of identity, what has transpired from stage one to stage four can be termed as mare childhood but now reality of who they are and what the society views and expects of them is vivid. There is what is expected in the future and it is at this stage that matching of the past and the expectations is done. This creates the personality of who you want to be. The sexuality is well developed and there are self ideologies which may or may not be affected by past stages (Slentz Krogh, 2008). Depending on the results from fourth stage, the fifth stage may take place at different ages, some as early as 17 and 18 while others as late as 20 and 21.There are more experiments before the real identity is established. Adolescents are in a position to differ with their parents and caregivers on some issues like politics and religion. Many parents may try to influence decisions made by their children at this stage like the career to pursue. This may block their self establishment hence have an influenced identity because this stage requires total independence. It can be established by identifying with peers and groups (Baldwin, 2008). The stage of intimacy vs. isolation has the value of love which is established between 20 to 40 years, among young adults. Some bit of identity vs. role confusion may be experienced at early years of this stage due to late identity establishment. Identification with friends is most here and since there is experience of pain, some may isolate themselves due to fear of break ups and rejection. They grow a defense mechanism that that can destroy what seems dangerous to them. With creation of intimacy, people graduate to commitments which call for compromises and sacrifices. This is where marriage is established forming a long-term commitment which brings both emotional and physical closeness. Failure to experience intimacy may cause isolation which may be due to rejection or personal reasons (Slentz Krogh, 2008). There is need for social life, friends and lovers to achieve satisfaction in this stage. The seventh stage is generativity vs. stagnation with a virtue of care and is experienced between 45 to 65 years, middle adulthood. It has more social works and responsibility focused on the siblings as they are the future generation. These adults act as caregivers of the young ones and it is a warning that their success or failure in any of the previous stages should not affect on the way they influence the siblings (Thomas, 2005). They have a lot of tasks to do to the young ones and also the children have set expectations about them. Responsibility extends to others and the ability to give it is generativity while inability is the stagnation. It is associated with works of giving back to the community and through care. Production is expected from these mid adults both in terms of work and participation to the community development. The final stage is ego integrity vs. despair which is experienced in senior adults of age 65 and above. Its virtue guide is wisdom and it is more of a review of how the life has been and what he/she has achieved and need for rest. These individuals feel either rejected or accepted depending on what they have done, the impact of their actions on the community and the world at large (Slentz Krogh, 2008) It is the stage at which they make peace with people, the creator and also need peace of mind. If their lives have been successful and full of accomplishments, the adult feels full of integrity. If the life has been a total failure, they feel despair. The review is focused on the achievements made which could be in one way or another, an improvement to the world, making it a better place. This stage also allows an adult to give back to the community what he/she had not yet given i.e. being responsible and making up for any mistakes or harms inflicted to both the people and world at lar ge (Thomas, 2005). In all these stages of life, there are two extremes one positive and the other negative and there is need for an individual to balance both of them to have a balanced living. Each stage acts as a transition to the next and it is important to accomplish the tasks in each stage, failure to which may result to problems in the future. The age gaps provided may not be fixed depending on different reviews as well as individuals. They used as a guiding way to place all the stages in a life of a human being. There are individuals that may be late to graduate to the next stage hence carrying the previous stage tasks (Slentz Krogh, 2008). Others graduate faster than presented in years in the Eriks theory. This creates the differences in ages when a given stage starts and when it ends. The most affected stage is identity vs. role confusion in which many girls start at age 9 which is below the provide age of 12 to 19 years. There is need for caregivers to ensure proper balancing of the conflict s especially in the stages that they have control of for good life development

Fear in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe Essay

In many works of literature, the behavior of a character or a group of characters is motivated by emotion. In Chinua Achebe’s Nigerian novel, Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is motivated by the fear. Throughout Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo’s actions take place because he is afraid of becoming â€Å"A Woman† like his father. Not only does he act masculine to appear manly to the villagers, he does it to satisfy his own conscious. Okonkwo portrays a short temper in this book. Small things such as his supper being late and remarks about his hunting anger him, and lead to his beating of his wives and his son Nwoya. His desire to appear manly often fogged his judgment. When the time came to kill Ikemefuna, the boy who called him father, he was told by his best friend that he should not take part in this because the boy looked up to him. Okonkwo knew his friend was right. When he, Ikemefuna and other leaders of the tribe went to the woods to carry out the task, Okonkwo did not want the other men to think that he was weak so he cut down his own son. Okonkwo’s actions were also motivated by the fear that his whole village would become weak. After returning from his exile in Mbanta, Okonkwo realized that the Christians were taking over. Unlike the rest of his tribe he wanted to go to war with them and drive them out. Soon he realized that during his seven years in exile Umuofia had changed and no longer was feared tribe it used to be. Okonkwo continued to fight the inevitable. His actions were never able to help his village; his worst fear had come true, they had become weak. Okonkwo suffers the consequences of his actions being motivated by fear throughout Things Fall Apart. He damages his relationship with his family, and his actions lead to his eventual death. Okonkwo and his son Nwoye could never relate to each other. Both had totally different outlooks. Okonkwo was always trying to appear manly and trying to get Nwoye to appear the same way. These things were not really important to Nwoye, and Okonkwo could not understand why. He often beat his son thinking that it would get him to understand. When the Christians came through and were looking for new people for their church, Nwoye joined. He was just waiting for a good chance to leave his father. Okonkwo was also exiled because of his strong desire to appear masculine. The gun that inadvertently killed his fellow villagers was  defective but he still chose to take it to the council meeting so he would not seem weak. Because he brought a defective gun to the meeting and he accidentally killed a clansman he was exiled for seven years. All of his dreams of becoming the most successful and respected man in Umuofia went up in smoke, because his fear of being seen as â€Å"Womanlike† clouded his good judgment. His eventual death was also caused by his fear of becoming like his father. He could not handle the fact that his village had changed during his exile. They had become weak and were no longer willing to go to war. Okonkwo felt that he had rather not live than live like a woman so he hanged himself. Okonkwo was unwilling to accept change which was his eventual downfall. Finally, Okonkwo’s fear of turning out like his father affects the overall work in three main ways. It leads to the story’s denouement. Okonkwo’s unwillingness to accept change led to his death in the end of the story. He could never have been happy in a society where masculinity was not important. He had rather not live than live in a â€Å"Womanish† village. Further, Okonkwo’s fear of being unmasculine affects Things Fall Apart by contributing to the story’s mood. Because of Okonkwo’s short temper and unpredictability the mood of this novel was tense. The reader never knew when he was going to get mad and beat somebody or shoot at them. Finally, and most importantly, Okonkwo’s fear of being weak creates the story’s profoundest theme, â€Å"One must adapt to their surroundings.† Because Okonkwo was unable to accept the change of his village it leads to his eventual downfall. Okonkwo could never live in a village f ull of â€Å"Women.†

How Do Stain Removers Work

Most stain removers rely on a combination of chemical strategies to remove or mask stains. There isnt a single method for stain removal, but rather, a host of reactions that get your whites white or remove grass or blood stains. Stain removers commonly are solvents, surfactants, and enzymes. A stain remover typically employs one or more of the following four techniques: Dissolve the Stain Stain removers contain solvents. A solvent is any fluid that dissolves another chemical. For example, water is a good solvent for dissolving salt and sugar. However, its not a good solvent for dissolving oil or butter. Stain removers often contain alcohol which acts as a solvent for both water-based and oil-based stains. Hydrocarbon solvents, such as gasoline, may be used to dissolve some stains.The rule here is that like dissolves like. Basically this means you want to use a solvent that is chemically similar to your stain. So, if you have a water-based stain, use a water-based solvent, like club soda or soapy water. If you have an oily stain, try rubbing alcohol or gas onto the spot. Emulsify the Stain Dishwashing detergents and stain removers contain emulsifiers or surfactants. Emulsifiers coat the stain and help to lift it off of the surface. Surfactants increase the wettability of materials, making it easier for the stain remover to contact and remove the stain.Examples of surfactants are soap and sulfonates. These chemicals have a dual nature, helping them remove both watery and oily stains. Each molecule has a polar head that mixes with water, as well as a hydrocarbon tail that dissolves grease. The tail attaches to the oily part of a stain while the hydrophilic or water-loving head attaches to water. Several surfactant molecules work together, encompassing the stain so it can be rinsed away. Digest the Stain Stain removers often employ enzymes or other proteins to break apart stain molecules. Enzymes digest proteins and fats in stains in much the same way as they digest the food you eat. Enzyme-based stain removers are highly effective on such stains as blood or chocolate. Stains may be broken apart by breaking the chemical bonds in the stain molecules. Oxidizers can break apart a long colored molecule, making it easier to lift away or sometimes rendering it colorless. Examples of oxidizers include peroxide, chlorine bleach, and borax. Hide the Stain Many stain removers contain whiteners. These chemicals may not contribute any cleaning power, yet they may render the stain invisible or draw the eye away from it. Bleaches oxidize the colored molecule so it doesnt appear so dark. Other types of whiteners reflect back light, covering a stain or making it less noticeable. Most products, even homemade solutions, attack stains using multiple techniques. For example, dabbing diluted chlorine bleach onto a stain helps break apart the stain molecule while removing the color from the offending spot. Simple soapy water dissolves both oily and aqueous stains and coats the stain so it is easy to rinse away. The Best Stain Remover The best stain remover is one that removes your stain without damaging the stained fabric or surface. Always test a stain remover on a small or inconspicuous spot to make sure the chemical wont produce any undesirable effects. Also, its worth noting its possible to make a stain worse. For example, heating a blood stain, as with hot water, may set the stain. Applying bleach to a rust stain actually intensifies the color, making the stain more visible than if you had left it alone. Therefore, if you know the composition of the stain its worth your while to make sure your treatment is suitable for that stain. If you dont know the identity of a stain, start with the least damaging treatment and work your way up to more serious chemicals if you need more cleaning power. Stain Removal Help How to Remove Rust StainsHow to Remove Ink Stains

Solving Environmental Problems with Science and Technology 2019

Whereas scientists historically warned about the coming dangers of global warming, it is becoming accepted fact in the scientific community that the world is now in the midst of global warming. The amount of ice that flows from the glaciers in Greenland every year has more than doubled over the past decade. The number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes, like hurricane Katrina, has nearly doubled as well over the past 30 years. Is it any wonder that jobs in environmental engineering are expected to grow much faster than average through the year 2018? What is Environmental Engineering? Environmental engineering applies the disciplines of chemistry and biology towards solving environmental problems. Environmental engineering science is concerned with the quality of air, water, and land for human health. The effects of acid rain, global warming, automobile emissions, and ozone depletion on the environment is of particular concern to the professional in environmental engineering. An environmental engineering job may center on concerns such as water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public health issues. .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415:active, .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uee4a452f765187be056648a1a41be415:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ An Introduction to Computer ProgrammingPotential Career Paths in Environmental Engineering A professional seeking an environmental engineering job may end up acting as a consultant to help companies and clients adapt to environmental regulations and clean up hazardous sites. Another environmental engineering job possibility is researching to analyze the impact of proposed construction projects. Environmental engineering science is also involved in the development of community water supplies and the effective treatment of wastewater. Finally, an environmental engineering job may apply scientific principles to combustion systems in order to reduce hazardous emissions that are released into the air. Required Education to Practice Environmental Engineering All 50 states require a license to practice environmental engineering. Typically, a bachelors degree in environmental engineering is required to meet the standards for licensure. Some students are choosing to earn an environmental engineering degree online through schools such as University of Phoenix. Courses consist of an environmental engineering introduction class, a thermodynamics course, and a variety of other relevant science and application courses. Earning an environmental engineering degree online can be a welcome convenience in the midst of a work schedule and family responsibilities. .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3:active, .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .udf3a9d6c3761331715837d2314be74a3:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Business Administration ManagementJob Outlook for Environmental Engineering Professionals entering the field of environmental engineering can expect to see job growth of 27% or more through the year 2018. The environmental engineering job market will increase in response to the need for compliance with environmental regulations. Environmental engineering will also be needed to clean up existing environmental hazards. The emphasis in the environmental engineering field is predicted to shift more towards prevention of problems rather than focusing solely on existing problems. Prospective students who are interested in earning an environmental engineering degree online may contact Univesity of Phoenix for more information. University of Phoenix offers programs that lead to a bachelors degree in environmental engineering, a masters degree in environmental engineering, and a PhD in environmental engineering. College-Pages.com is another valuable source of information with an extensive list of available programs and additional education resources. 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Cormac McCarthys No Country for Old Men Essay - 921 Words

Ignorant souls will probably tell you that No Country for Old Men is a film of thirst for blood, material wealth and a sheriffs investigation. Those that suggest this, however, are the same that tune in weekly for their dose of Big Brother: The Evictions and are swayed by the words of their local car salesman. The Coen brothers’ masterful 2005 adaption of Cormac McCarthys No Country for Old Men is a standout in recent cinema history, pushing aside this year’s spit-out of Transformers from explosion-junkie Michael Bay. Taking a different approach from their usual quirky, humour films littered with three word profanities (cue: Burn after Reading Osbourne Cox fans), the Coen’s have successfully stepped into a dark, deeply disquieting drama†¦show more content†¦In the relentlessly vindictive manner of McCarthy’s novel, Bell delivers a welcomed voice of sanity and justice to the human mind; his old-school morals and philosophical reminiscences offering a sanction in a world dominated by evil. But it is Vietnam Vet, Llewellyn Moss, who levels best with the audience. Playing the wild card of the three, Brolin delivers a human centre to the film; the man most identifiable with, even as the odds steepen against him. As the minutes fly by, unnerving notions about the determined yet futile attempts of humankind to guide their obdurate fate – that serves as an unwelcome side-dish to the sachet – becomes increasingly clear. The dominant hunter of the film, characterised by an out-of-place Mod beetle-cut, is the epitome of the Coens’ ability to point to biblical themes. Bardem plays the overpowering force that pervades the audience even when off-camera – his malevolent presence is constantly felt and the aftermath of his actions are unpardonably viewable. If the pneumatic hiss of Chigurh’s killing device isn’t enough to suggest his vindictive nature, then his sadistic taunting of his prey as he tightens his grip on their fate undoubtedly solidifies his role as the modern incarnation of the devil. This â€Å"living prophet of destruction† is watched from afar by disillusioned sheriff, Ed Tom Bell, who struggles to accept his damned world for the crumbli ng mess it has become. Bell,Show MoreRelatedThe Presentation of Women in ‘The Great Gatsby’, and in Cormac McCarthy’s ‘No Country for Old Men’1909 Words   |  8 Pagesgiven to really change? 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According to Butterworth, McCarthys charactersRead MoreNo Country for Old Men Scene Comparison Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Scene Comparison: The Coin Toss The award winning film, No Country for Old Men, adapted from Cormac McCarthy’s 2007 novel, is a riveting tale of a brutal chain of events related to money, murder, and drugs, which rolls through West Texas in the 1980’s. Told through the perspective of the stories three main characters – a soulless killer, an old time sheriff, and an experienced country boy – both the novel and the film keep the audience anxiously waiting for the next gun fight or brutal killing

Sunshine Chapter 13 Free Essays

Oh gee. Don’t pull your punches like that. I can take the truth, really I can. We will write a custom essay sample on Sunshine Chapter 13 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I said something like, â€Å"Unnngh.† â€Å"I believe it will work.† â€Å"I’m delighted to hear it.† â€Å"Your wound is worse.† â€Å"Oh well. No biggie.† I was a trifle preoccupied with his little revelation about our joint even-more-immediate-than-Bo impending doom. He’d said he wasn’t sure what he was doing. â€Å"It comes and goes.† â€Å"Will you remove the bandage?† Or you will? I thought nervously. I unbuttoned the top two buttons of my nightgown again and peeled the gauze away. Ouch. Of course the cut began to bleed at once. â€Å"Er – I don’t suppose you want to tell me what you’re going to do?† Badly phrased question. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"Will you please tell me what you are going to do.† â€Å"If you would take your knife, and open the blade.† My heart, having tried to accustom itself to vampire in the room, began to thump uncomfortably. The knife lay between us on the bed, where I had set it down. I looked at him a little oddly as I picked it up, and he, I suppose, well accustomed to blood-letting and thinking nothing of a little more or less of the same, misinterpreted my look. â€Å"I would prefer not to touch your knife, it will burn me. And it is better if you cut me yourself.† EEEEK. â€Å"Cut you?† â€Å"Yes. As you are cut. Here.† And he touched the place below his collarbones. A lot less bony on him, it occurred to me. I hadn’t registered it before, but he was a lot more filled-out-looking generally than he had been when we first made acquaintance. When he was half-starved and all. I hadn’t seen him with his shirt off four nights ago. Well. I could have sat there quite a while thinking ridiculous thoughts – anything was better than thinking about the prospective hacking and hewing: a two-and-a-half-inch blade is plenty big enough to do more damage than I wanted to be around for – but he said patiently, â€Å"Open the blade.† The knife seemed much heavier in my hand than usual, and the blade more reluctant to unfold. I snapped it open and the blade flared silver fire. â€Å"You said it would burn you.† â€Å"And so it will. I would appreciate it if you made the cut quickly.† â€Å"I can’t,† I said, panicky. â€Å"I can’t – cut you – at all.† â€Å"Very well,† he said. â€Å"Please set the tip of it, here,† and he touched a spot below his right collarbone. I sat there, frozen and staring. I even raised my eyes and looked into his: green as grass, as my grandmother’s ring, as my plaid socks from last night. He looked steadily back. I could feel my own blood – my poisoned blood – seeping slowly down my breast, staining my nightgown, dripping on the sheet. He reached out, and gently closed his own hand around mine holding the knife. He drew hand and knife toward him, set the point where he had indicated. I felt the slight give of his flesh under the blade. His hold tightened, and he gave a tiny, quick twist and jerk, and the knifepoint parted the skin; I felt the moment up the blade into my hand when the skin first divided under the glowing stainless-steel blade, when it sank into him. There was a sound, as if I could hear that sundering of flesh, or perhaps of the undead electricity that guarded that flesh, a minute fizz or hiss; then he drew the sharp – the burning sharp – edge swiftly across his chest in a shallow arc – just like the wound on me. And pulled the knife away again. It was over in a moment. The slash he had made was deeper, and the blood raged out. I was – whimpering, or moaning: â€Å"Oh no, oh no,† – I dropped the knife and reached toward him as if I could close the awful gash with my hands. The blood was black in the moonlight, there was so much of it, too much of it – it was hot, hot, running over my hands†¦ â€Å"Good,† he said. He took my bloody hands and turned them back toward me, wiped them down the front of my poor once-white nightgown, firmly, against the contours of my body; pulled my hands toward him again, smeared them across his chest, and back to press them against me: repeated this till my nightgown stuck to me, sopping, saturated, as if I had been swimming, except the wetness was his blood. I was weeping. â€Å"Hush,† he said. â€Å"Hush.† â€Å"I don’t understand,† I said, weeping. â€Å"I don’t understand. This cannot be – healing.† â€Å"It can,† he said. â€Å"It is. All is well. Lie back. Lie down,† he said. â€Å"You will sleep soon now.† I lay down, bumping my head against the headboard. My tears ran down my temples and into my hair. The smell of blood was thick and heavy and nauseating. I saw him leaning, looming over me, felt him lie down upon me, gently, so gently, till our bleeding skins met with one thin sodden layer of cotton partially between: till the new wound in him pressed down against the old wound in me. His hair brushed my face as he bowed his head; his breath stirred my hair. â€Å"Constantine,† I cried, â€Å"are you turning me?† â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"I would not. And this is not that.† â€Å"Then what – â€Å" â€Å"Do not talk. Not now. Later. We can talk later.† â€Å"But – but – I am so frightened,† I pleaded. In the moonlight I could see his silhouette clearly. He raised his head away from me, arching his neck backward so our bodies remained touching. I saw him rip, quickly, neatly, his upper lip with his lower teeth, his lower lip and tongue with his upper. He bent his head to me again, and when he stopped my mouth with his, his blood ran across my tongue and down my throat. It was still dark when I woke. I had turned on my side – I always sleep curled up on one side or the other – but this time I was facing the room. My first thought was that I had had a terrible dream. I was alone in the bed. I looked down, along my body. Gingerly I touched my white nightgown. It had been a dream. I had imagined it. I had imagined all of it. Although my nightgown felt curiously – tacky, as if I had worn it too long, although it had come fresh out of the dryer this morning. But it was white. The sheets were white too. No bloodstains. I had imagined it. I knew he was sitting in the chair. After four nights he had returned after all. I couldn’t bear to look at him – not yet – not while the dream was so heavy on me – so shamefully heavy. What a horrible thing to dream. Even about a vampire. At least he wouldn’t know that I’d dreamed – at least he wouldn’t know. I didn’t have to tell him. I sat up, and as I sat up, I felt a small heavy something fall to a different position on top of the bedclothes. My small shining knife. The blade still open. No. I looked at him. Although the chair was in shadow I saw him with strange clarity: the mushroomy-gray skin, the impassive face, the green eyes, black hair. I knew it was nighttime – I felt it on my own skin – why could I see as if it were daylight? It occurred to me that he wasn’t wearing his shirt. No. I had climbed out of bed and taken the two steps to the chair and laid my hands on his unmarked chest before I had a chance to think – before I had a chance to tell myself not to – laid my hands as I had laid them – an hour ago? A week? A century? – with the blood welling out, sluicing out, from the cut I had made with my knife. I touched his mouth, his untorn lips. â€Å"Poor Sunshine,† he said, under my fingers. â€Å"I told you it would not be easy. I did not think how difficult the manner of it would be for you.† â€Å"It – it happened, then?† I said. My knees suddenly wouldn’t hold me, and I sank down beside his chair. I leaned my forehead against the arm of it. â€Å"What I remember†¦I thought it must be a bad dream. A†¦shameful dream.† â€Å"Shameful?† he said. He bent over me, took my shoulders so I had to sit up, away from the support of the chair. The top two buttons of my nightgown were still undone, and the edges fell open as I moved. He put one hand on my breast just below the collarbones, so that it covered the width of my old wound. He left his hand there for two of my breaths, took it away again, held it, palm up, as if he might be catching my tears; but I was dry-eyed. â€Å"You are healed,† he said. â€Å"There is no shame in healing.† I looked down, touched the place he had touched. The skin was clear and smooth: I could see it plainly. I could see plainly too, a thin pale scar, where the wound had been, but this was a real scar. The wound was gone, and would not reopen. â€Å"The blood,† I said. â€Å"All the blood.† â€Å"It was clean blood,† he said. â€Å"It was for you.† I was remembering the real dream I had had after I slept – the blood dream. Daylight, sunshine, grass, trees, flowers, the warmth of life, gladness to be alive†¦ Gladness to be alive. Gladness was the wrong word. It was much simpler than that, more direct. There was no translation of sensation into a word like gladness. It was the sensation itself. Smells, sounds, tastes, all perceptions so different from anything I knew in waking life, so unequivocal, uncluttered†¦uncontaminated. The wide world around me seemed vast and open and immediate in a way I did not recognize. But my sense of self was – there was no thought to it. There was a place where all those strange vivid sensations met, and there I was. A feeling, instinctive, responsive me – but no me. On four legs. This life I dreamed – this life I borrowed – this life I knew so strangely from the inside – this life, I abruptly knew, that had been taken for me – it was no human life. I was remembering life as some creature – she, I knew her as she; I knew her as a grass-eater, a scenter of the breeze, and a listener with wide ears; I felt her long lithe muscles, rough brown fur, smelled the sweet gamy smell of her; I knew her as a runner and a leaper and a hider in dappled shadow. A deer. I searched for the horror of her death, for the fear and the pain, the helpless awareness of coming final darkness. I remembered waking up, sick and dazed but with a kind of drugged tranquillity, after Bo’s lieutenant had used the Breath on me. I looked for some equivalent in my doe’s last minutes. I could not find it. â€Å"The doe,† I said. â€Å"Yes. It would not have been right for you to remember the last day of a human woman.† There was a laugh that stuck in my throat. â€Å"No,† I said soberly. â€Å"It would not have been right for me.† I sagged forward again, but this time I was leaning against his leg, my cheek just above his knee. â€Å"How did she die?† I said dreamily, resting against the leg of the vampire who had cured my poisoned wound with the death of a doe. â€Å"How?† he repeated. There was a long pause while I remembered the wild grass against my slender legs, the way my four hoofs dug into the ground as they took my weight as I ran, how much more fleetly and steadily I ran on four two-toed hoofs than I would ever run on two queerly inflexible platterlike feet and thick clumsy legs. He said: â€Å"There are many myths about my kind. It is not true that we cannot feed unless we torment first. She died as any good hunter kills his prey: with one clean stroke.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I said, groping for the answer I wanted. Needed. â€Å"You told me – long ago. By the lake. You have to ask. You can take no†¦blood that is not offered. She has to have said ‘yes.’ â€Å" After a little while he said: â€Å"Animals do not draw the distinction between life and death that humans do. If an animal is caught, by age, by illness, by some creature stronger than it, and cannot escape, it accepts death.† A longer pause. â€Å"Also†¦my kind were all once human. There perhaps can be no truly clean death between one of your kind and one of mine.† I thought: If that is true, then it works both ways. The death of the giggler at my hands is no cleaner than the death he was offering that girl. I shivered. I felt Constantine’s hand on the back of my neck. â€Å"I told you last time that Bo and I chose different ways of being what we are. You magic handlers know you risk, with every sending, the recoil. Bo is burdened by many years of the recoil of the torment that provides the savor to his meals. The savor is real – yes, I too have tasted it – but it is not worth the price.† I was looking across the room, at a corner near the ceiling, where one of the occupied cobwebs hung. I could see the tiny dot that was the folded-up spider at the center. I raised my head and turned round, knelt up, put my hands on his knees, stared into his face, into his eyes. I had looked full into his eyes briefly last night, while I held the knife, before he had taken from me the action I could not perform. I stared at him now, minute after minute, night flowing past us as morning had done by the lake, two months and a lifetime ago, when I told him I would take him with me, through the daylight, out of the trap we shared. â€Å"You used the blood of a doe, to spare me the death of a human. You said you would not – were not – turning me. Why are you not telling me not to look in your eyes?† â€Å"I have not turned you,† he replied. â€Å"In three hours, when the sun rises, you will find that sunshine is your element, as it always has been. I do not think you can be turned. You can be killed, as any human can be, as the poison Bo set in your flesh would at last have killed you, but I believe you cannot be turned. â€Å"There is nothing I can do to you with my gaze, any more, whether I wish it or not. I was not able†¦to give you the doe’s clean blood cleanly. I caught and carried her blood for you, for tonight’s necessary rite, but I am not a clean vessel. Sunshine, we are on territory neither of us knows. We are bound now, you to me as I already was to you, for I have saved your life tonight as you saved my existence two months ago.† â€Å"I think the honors were about even, two months ago,† I said, struggling. He picked my hands up off his knees, held them between his hands. â€Å"That-which-binds did not judge so; the scales did not rest in balance. You will begin, now, I think, to read those lines of†¦power, governance, sorcery, as I can read them. By what has happened between us tonight. Onyx Blaise’s daughter – the daughter who did what you did, that second morning by the lake – always held that capacity. Now you must learn to use it. That-which-binds reckons I have been bound to you by what happened two months ago. I could not come to you if you did not call me, but if you called I had to come. You are now bound to me as well. I did not do this deliberately; to save your life, it was the only choice I had, and I was bound to try. â€Å"When I came to you four nights ago, I had no knowledge of the wound you still carried. I was thinking only of how I could convince you – to go into battle with me. That I should succeed did not seem likely, though you were calling to ask me for help. I came here that night thinking how I might give you – anything I could give you – to help you in that battle, if you agreed. It would have required some greater tie between us, but nothing like†¦ â€Å"I do not know what I have given you tonight.† Another silence. He added, â€Å"I do not know what you have given me.† Another, longer silence. â€Å"Well,† I said, shakily, clinging to his hands holding mine, â€Å"I think I can see in the dark.† PART THREE So, I would have said that not much could be worse – short of being dead or undead – than those first weeks after the night I went out to the lake and met some vampires up close and personal. I would have said that being paralyzed from the neck down or having an inoperable brain tumor would be worse. Not a lot else. Just shows how limited the human imagination can be. The first weeks after Con healed the wound on my breast were worse. It’s funny, because I had thought, living through those first two months after the nights at the lake, that the great crisis was about What I Was or Who I’d Become or What Terrible Thing Was Wrong With Me (and About to Go Wronger) and Why All Was Changed As a Result. But I was still struggling against the idea that all was changed. Sticking the giggler with the table knife should have shaken me out of this fantasy even if the sucker-sunshade trick hadn’t, but I was too busy being grossed out by the sheer grisliness of the latter experience to have thought much about the philosophical implications. What the little chat with Jesse and Pat had revealed to me had done my head in worse, and the news that the suckers were on to conquer the world within the next century had been worse yet. I felt like a pancake in the hands of a maniac flipper. But when you’re being caromed around your life like a squash ball you haven’t got leeway to think about what happens next. When you’re feeding the second coachload of tourists that day you aren’t thinking about the birthday party for fifty next week. Maybe you should be, but you aren’t. Now is more than enough. Before the detox night with Con I still thought I could say no somehow, could still stick my head back in the sand. Hey, I wasn’t going to be around in a hundred years – unless maybe I started handling a lot of magic, which I didn’t want to, right? That was exactly what I didn’t want to be doing; magic handling extending your lifespan was a myth anyway – so what did I care? You can be a really nasty, selfish little jerk when you’re scared enough. I was scared enough. Of course I had had this apparently permanent leaking wound on my breast, I had had these nightmares, and I had been doing a pretty bad job after all of suppressing thinking about what it all meant, what had happened at the lake. But I was still obstinately trying to pretend I’d only had a piece of very, very bad luck, and the fact of my having survived it wasn’t†¦irredeemable. My gran had shown me all that transmuting stuff fifteen years ago, and I’d never used it before. Maybe it would be another fifteen years before I used it again. Maybe thirty this time. And one vampire more or less? Who cares? And the table knife venture was just that the giggler’d been the one who cut me, poisoned me. It was a one-off. There was an answer in there somewhere: it wasn’t me, it wasn’t my warped, screwed-up genetic heritage. And if I’d delivered the world of one sucker, sort of accidentally having preserved it another one, then my final effect on the vampire population was nil, invisible, void. Which was exactly the profile I’d choose. I told myself I had always been my father’s daughter. I was facing what had been there all the time. But I was also facing stuff that hadn’t been there. Being able to see in the dark sounds great. Never trip over the bathroom threshold on your way for a pee at midnight again, right? But it’s not that simple. Human eyes don’t see in the dark. They don’t have the rods and cones for it or whatever. Therefore you are doing something that isn’t human. It’s not like you’ve awakened a latent talent, like someone who finds out they have a gift for playing jazz piano after a life previously devoted to Bach. That may be odd, but it’s within human scope. Seeing in the dark isn’t. And you know it. That doesn’t mean I know how to explain it; but trust me, you can tell the difference between seeing because there’s enough light and â€Å"seeing† because something weird and vampiry is going on in your brain that chooses to pretend to be happening in your eyes because that’s the nearest equivalent. Like if some human had had a poisoned wound healed by some weird recip rocal swap with the phoenix, maybe they’d be able to fly afterward, apparently by flapping their arms. (Mind you no one has seen the phoenix in over a thousand years, and it has never been inclined to do humans any good turns. Rather the opposite. Very like vampires, I suppose. Except a lot of people think the phoenix is a myth, and not many are stupid enough to think vampires are. I think the phoenix has at least a fifty-fifty chance of being true, because it’s nasty. What this world doesn’t have is the three-wishes, go-to-the-ball-and-meet-your-prince, happily-ever-after kind of magic. We have all the mangling and malevolent kinds. Who invented this system?) I saw in the dark pretty well. I thought, do I want to see Bo coming? Oh yeah, and seeing in the dark doesn’t mean when the sun goes down. It also means all the shadows that fall in daylight. This would not be a big issue for a vampire, of course, but it troubled the hell out of me. Even an ordinary table knife throws a shadow – although I didn’t really need any more reminders that table knives would never be ordinary to me again. It throws your balance off, seeing through shadows. Your depth perception goes wrong, like trying to look through someone else’s glasses. Everything has funny dark-light edges to it, and sometimes those edges have themselves threadlike red edges. You get your new looking-through-bad-spectacles distortion on everything, including your own hands, your own body, the faces and bodies of the people you love and trust. Oh, the one time this goes away is when you look in a mirror. Or it did with me. Just in case I needed reminding that I got it from a vampire. Thanks. How to cite Sunshine Chapter 13, Essay examples

Business Develop Business Management †Free Samples for Students

Question: Differences Between Businesses Develop Business Management? Answer: Introduction: ITSM is usually considered as a shortcut but the fact is it is difficult and need a lot of time, in order to use ITSM a lot of skills and time is required. Mostly business organizations do not use any management tool, these results in more time consumption as well as more man power. Mostly ITSM tool is used to bridge the communication gap between the customer and employers. There are many ITSM tool in the market at the moment but it is very important to analyze the importance of the management tool. Just a little research can save you a lot of money and time, there are a lot of management tools that are easy to use and they are not very expensive. A right business management tool can help your business to flourish and develop easily. Basic Overview: The basic use of ITSM tool is that it help and support not just one but many other process within the information technology system management. All these tools control the incidents and the request; they also help with problems, changes and managing the workflow within the organization. These types of tools also include the configuration tool that helps in managing the database. Background problem and solutions: Mostly IT companies globally have project management tools or they have to select a tool that suits their criteria of management or their business model. A good tool that suits the business strategy of an organization helps in project management without any glitch in the process. All the task tracking have to done by the organization can be easily done by the tool. JIRA comes handy for them, it provides specific features that are suitable for the story creation as well as big tracking, and this is perfect for someone who is working specifically for agile development. Most of the time technology solution require the involvement of some activities in the process, all these activities help in the creation of a specification which is the part of the project. Analysis of Celanese During an organization change, organization may require the employee to change according to the requirement of change, they need to change the organization culture along with the attitude and believes of the employees, this is a long process because it take a lot of time to change the believes that the employees have developed over time. The organization change management basically aim the individuals and teams within an organization, this helps them to change the culture of the organization along with determine the future culture of the organization that they want to adapt. Tool choice and your decision-making: There is a lot of scope for the ITSM tool especially when the organization needs to improve the delivery service for the client or when there is a constant gap between the supply chain and the management. While selecting the solution it is very important to keep this in mind that a lot of work will be required to keep the existing work and new implementation run side by side. This tool will help to make sure business revive good management as well as good IT services. Most of the time change in an organization requires a lot of effort and responsibility, these things are much more simplified when it comes to a management tools. It reduces the effort and makes it easy to manage everything for the organization. The recommended tool for the management of the organization in my prospective is JIRA; it is the tool that was developed by Atlassian for the management purpose and especially for software development management. In this tool there are many other features that include bug tracking, issue tracking and also project management function. With all these advance features it is becoming the top priority of most of the business organization, it is very versatile with a lot of different features. Most of the software development companies prefer to use this tool in order to track their activities and also many companies are using this software along with other software in order to full fill their requirements. Most of the software development companies prefer to use agile in order to develop their projects. Ticketing and service desk model JIRA also has service desk module, theses module help to create and also track the service tickets. One of the best thing about this except the data access is that this tool also helps you to stay in contact with everyone in the team. So if you have this tool it means not only you can easily provide access to your employee while you keep track of their work but also this is very helpful when you want to talk to your team mates it will be easy for the manger to keep in contact with the workers. So, whenever changes are required you can easily dictate it accordingly. One of the best features is that it helps the manger to create short term goals and assign work to everyone. So if once during the development requirements are finalized, he can set a story and assign everyone their work. One the work is done he can easily assign them other work by rescheduling the story and setting other short term goals. This helps the employees to stay motivated and increase the work flow as well. This way the manger will keep check on the work performance on daily basis. Not only can the receiver see the review but also the sender and other people can also see the feedback. This helps the employee to change the work according to the requirement of the client. In this way it is easy to develop the project, the employee can easily ask the question about the changes and process where as the manger can help the employee easily whenever it is needed. It helps in gathering the information and request from the vendors and help the organization to implement all these information in order to develop the system according to the request of the vendor. The evaluation of the response basically helps the organization in developing a project that is according to the response that is generated after the evaluation. Shortlisting a vendor basically plays a very important role in developing a project. When the required part is done it actually needs to be demonstrated to the vendor. Visiting the vendor is also considered as an important part of the project, infect it is considered as a key part. It helps in the proper identification of the problems as well as requirements in the initial phase of the project. This can also help to gain the customer satisfaction; this improves the system record the feedback and also helps to keep track of the services that are provided to the client by the organization. If the client is giving feedback, this is a good sign and if the problems and glitches in the system are tackled there is a likely chance that client will trust the organization and will come back for the services. The final selection and improvement just according to the requirement of client. If the organization takes requirements and feedback by the client very seriously, this will help in successful delivery of a project. All the effort, time, resource and money is required before and during the process of development before the purchase, once it is done the whole process is very smooth. SLA: Keeping up-to-date makes businesses even more successful. Just to keep the workers up-to-date of all the latest news, technology and inventions in the market, another feature of relevant news is also included in the portal. As described above, the portal will be interlinked with external sources for getting access to all the latest news. Maturity Ratings There are basically three types of ratings one is general which mean it has safe contests related to personal life. And its behavior should be appropriate including children and people at work place. Second is moderate which means there would not be anything that can affect adults. There should not be anything illegal. Third is that all material should be compiles with term of services. Maturity rating is basically used to hide inappropriate behavior and in relevant contents. Self-assessment JIRA is basically a commercial software product; it helps in running the applications. In order to get a legal permission or in other words in order to get license for the use of this tool it is important to purchase it from the original website. It is easily available in the hosted application, on the original website of the organization. The price however varies, there are a lot of factors that determine the price of the software. The price depends on the maximum number of users that will be using the tool later. So, if you are buying the product for the whole company it will be obviously expensive, however if a small group need this software for their use, it will be relatively cheap. This software is also available as an open source projects, if certain criteria is met, and also it is available for only some of the organizations. If an organization has the license and access to this management tool they can share the tool and provide a complete control of the system as well as the data to their every employee. If an organization is willing to use a management tool, it is very important for them to buy it or have license. This helps in keep things legal and avoids any problem later. Discussion of ratings JIRA is used worldwide, according to estimate it is used in more than 112 countries. Where majority of the organizations use JIRA for bug detection, it is also helpful commenting as well as questioning the project detection. One of the best things about this software is, it is very helpful when it comes to project management, and it helps in making flow charts for the work and also helps in keeping an eye on the progress of the work. This actually means that while using this software or while managing through this software it is very easy to keep a track on the amount of work done and the work in progress. It is perfect for magenta, it helps in functionality as well as it has a wide range of tools. There is a toolbar that contains very useful and unique tools, all these tools have necessary functions and unique features that help the vendor to manage the project very easily without any assistance from a skilled person. The process will be very easy to understand from this example. So, if you need to execute the functional testing and you have this tool. This tool will help you to track the process of testing along with its status so that you can keep a track. This tool will also help you to find the problem, if there is a problem in the system. This means it will increase the wok flow and help you to manage the project easily. If you have a project for agile development this will also help you to detect the bug whenever it is needed. Although most of the time it is considered perfect for the agile development but the system is very flexible which means it is easy for other waterfall cycles as well. Limitations It has some limitations. It is very hard to setup this tool. JIRA is not user friendly. It has some missing features. It gets a lot of time in development. Its boards are not recommended for planning on boards. It has too many unnecessary features that can confuse a user. Recommendations: One of the major reasons to promote and recommend JIR is that there are similar tools in market but it provides visibility and help to promote the sense of owner ship. It also improves the efficiency and increase the collaboration that helps to make any project successful. Like other tools in market it is very important to focus on the information, you need to choose the right tool and also you need to know how it is to be used along with for what purpose this must be used. Most of the time clash begins in using the tool, and this reduce the efficiency and as a result blame comes on the tool. Reducing the other problems that are included is not the part of management that is to be done by the too. This is to be done by the management. So one the tool is finalized make sure to talk to your team about the possible purpose and method of the use of the tool. Using JIRA as a management tool is very beneficial. Some of its important benefits are listed below: Workflow -JIRA helps in customization and maintaining the customized workflow. All the workflow in this software can be designed graphically. Extensible JIRA has other plugins that help in further extension whenever it is needed. For this specifically JIRA has a wide range of plugins, these plugins are both paid and free. They can be easily found whenever they are needed for any project on their website. Usability -JIRA is no more just a simple software that it was before, a lot of changes according to the requirements of the clients have taken place. Over the years it has transformed completely, the sustainability is still user friendly as compared to other tools that are available in the market. Community a lot of people are finally using JIRA now. These users include third party vendors because of the plugins and the possible extensions. So, this makes JIRA a suitable choice for management tool for a lot of organizations around the globe. Linking JIRA provides easy link up, it is best for linking of any task. If a task has dependency on the other task, it is very easy to see this in the history of the task, by the linkage of the dependent tasks. The basic feature of JIRA is for agile development. For agile development it is best for bug tracking which is a must have property when it comes to agile, it is one of the properties that most of the user want their tool to have. This also helps to create the tickets for other issues tracking. Recommendations Arising from Your Analysis Globally it is estimated that more than 122 countries are using JIRA. It is developed in JAVA language which means it is easy to understand. It is was first released and published in 2002 which means it is not very old. It helps in easy management for most of the users as well it also create major task and sub task. It is used for several other purposes. When an organization introduces a management tool, it is not just a random tool in the system, it has a great impact on the whole management system, and this also includes the application of change management. Some of the useful characteristics of JIRA are as following. This tool increase the proficiency and it also helps in easy step by step management of the project. This bridge the gap of communication between employee and manger. This helps to keep check on work. This helps in easy management as well as assigning the work to the suitable person. This also helps to change the development according to the client requirement in between, whenever needed. This is helpful for both managements as well as the worker. This also helps in data sharing. For management it is very easy to keep track of who can access to data and who cant. This is perfect for bug detection. The first task that has to be done in order to change the team mind and prepare them for the change is very important. The first step is to initiate the need of need; there must be an urgency of change. This will motivate everyone to come up with a better way to overcome resistance. This system will also help in making new roles and initiating next responsibilities that are to be introduced by the management in order to keep the work flowing and increase the speed of the work. So every time a client comes up with some changes the manger will easily install all the requirements in and the worker can easily see what changes rea to be made. So whenever a new task is assigned the manger can send feedback and the employee will know what else is required in order to improve the work. In an organization this tool will be a game changer. Mostly people dont consider the business point of view, most of the time the goal of every business is to reduce the time and money and increase the speed o f work as well as the efficiency. This is the major goal, this tool has the power to do both without any problem. Not only this will increase the work flow but also help everyone to stay connected and reduce the money expenditure that will happen due to the extra connection and sources for the communication. Conclusion This tool is specially designed to focus on the communication, this is one of the biggest reason people prefer JIRA over other tools. There are a lot of reasons to use JIRA but the problem is that organization need to address the problems that are taking place inside the organization first. Introducing just a tool may improve a little but if employees are not ready to accept the change this will have adverse effect. Reference: Brenner, M. (2006, April). 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